SVSYSTEMS

Index / Language / Records / Italian / Grammar

Relative pronouns

How a clause hooks onto the noun before it. Straightforward until a preposition is involved, at which point che stops being available.

Italian · Grammar · GRM-10

The control text · argumentative

Vietare il cellulare in classe sembra una misura drastica, ma i dati suggeriscono che funzioni. Nelle scuole che hanno introdotto il divieto, gli insegnanti segnalano meno interruzioni e un calo dei casi di cyberbullismo. È vero che lo strumento serve anche allo studio, e sarebbe ingenuo negarlo. Resta il fatto che il costo della distrazione ricade su chi ha meno sostegno a casa. Finché non ci saranno prove che l'uso libero migliori l'apprendimento, l'onere della prova spetta a chi difende il permesso.

Every option below rewrites this text.

Where the two part

Standard · the base

Che for subject and direct object; cui after a preposition; il quale when the reference must be unambiguous; chi only for people and only as a fused relative.

Regional · the contrast

Che spreading into prepositional slots is common in speech — il libro che ti ho parlato — and is a clear error in writing.

10 options

GRM-10a

che — subject or direct object

Standard

le scuole che hanno introdotto il divieto — Anchor B

The tellInvariable, no preposition, no article.

Gains

Anchor B contains two. Covers the majority of relative clauses and never inflects.

Costs

Its very ease is the trap: it cannot be used after a preposition, and it feels as though it should be.

GRM-10b

cui — after a preposition

Standard

il servizio di cui ho parlato · l'anno in cui è stato introdotto

The tellA preposition immediately before cui, and cui never inflects.

Gains

One word covers every gender and number, so only the preposition has to be chosen.

Costs

Choosing the preposition means GRM-09 has to be right first.

GRM-10c

il cui — possessive

Standard

la banca il cui sistema ha sbagliato · le scuole i cui risultati sono noti

The tellAn article before cui, agreeing with the thing possessed rather than the possessor.

Gains

The compact formal possessive relative, and it reads as controlled writing.

Costs

The agreement runs opposite to instinct: it matches what follows, not what precedes.

GRM-10d

il quale — unambiguous

Standard

il direttore della banca, il quale ha risposto ieri

The tellInflected for gender and number, so it points at exactly one antecedent.

Gains

Resolves ambiguity that che cannot, and it is the register of legal and administrative prose.

Costs

Heavy. Used where che would do, it reads as bureaucratic rather than precise.

GRM-10e

chi — fused relative

Standard

chi ha meno sostegno a casa · chi difende il permesso — Anchor B, twice

The tellNo antecedent at all. Chi means the one who and takes a singular verb.

Gains

Anchor B ends on one. Compact, elegant, and the natural way to make a general claim about people.

Costs

Singular agreement despite a plural sense, and it cannot be used for things.

GRM-10f

quello che · ciò che

Standard

quello che conta · ciò che i dati mostrano

The tellThe fused relative for things rather than people.

Gains

The counterpart to chi, and ciò che lifts the register a step.

Costs

Three near-equivalents (quello che, ciò che, quel che) with only register separating them.

GRM-10g

dove as a relative

Standard

Standard la scuola in cui insegna

Regional la scuola dove insegna

The tellA place relative using dove instead of in cui.

Gains

Correct, lighter, and completely standard. Often the better choice.

Costs

Only available for places, so it cannot be generalised.

GRM-10h

Reduced relative — participle

Standard

Standard le scuole che hanno introdotto il divieto

Regional le scuole che hanno adottato → i casi segnalati dagli insegnanti

The tellA participle doing the work of a whole relative clause.

Gains

Tightens formal prose considerably, and it is how Italian journalism compresses.

Costs

It drops tense information, so the time relation has to be clear from elsewhere.

GRM-10i

che after a preposition

Regional

il libro che ti ho parlato — common in speech, wrong in writing

The tellChe where di cui was needed.

Gains

On the sheet because it is extremely common in native speech, and recognising it as spoken rather than standard matters.

Costs

Marked wrong in both exam lanes, and it is one of the errors examiners specifically look for.

GRM-10j

Relative avoided

Standard

Standard le scuole che hanno introdotto il divieto

Regional le scuole con il divieto — a prepositional phrase instead

The tellNo clause at all; a phrase does the modifying.

Gains

Shorter, always correct, and often crisper than the relative it replaces.

Costs

It loses the verb, and with it the tense and the agency.